Many find it difficult to distinguish between credible and misleading content in today’s digital age. With the rise of social media, false and misleading information has become more prevalent, making it even more difficult for people to tell the difference between fact and fiction.

It’s the job of the journalist to try to find and present the truth, but fact-checking isn’t easy. It requires a methodological approach to verification.

Because many media outlets are profit-driven, sensationalist and clickbait content frequently takes precedence over fact-based journalism. As a result, trust in journalism as a whole has declined, while, at the same time, skepticism about the reliability of information published and shared has grown.

The preference of social media platforms for engagement and amplification has contributed to the information disorder. Indeed, credible and evidence-based information is in short supply, while false and misleading content continues to spread on social media.

Because of this it is critical to have a strong fact-checking system in place to combat the spread of false and misleading information.

A fact-checker must be skilled at digital investigation and willing to go the extra mile to uncover a kernel of truth. To assess the veracity of information accurately, fact-checkers must be trained in and have access to digital tools, techniques, and resources.

Fact-checking in action

At Nepal Check, we use both human intelligence and digital tools to verify information spreading online. Over the past six months, we have fact-checked a wide range of false claims, from political statements to health misinformation.

On the eve of the November 20 2022 elections in Nepal, we fact-checked screenshots purported to be from a secret circular issued by the ruling Nepali Congress urging its supporters not to vote for Maoist candidates.

Not only was the so-called “secret circular” made up. Election misinformation spreaders created screenshots of ‘news’ that claimed to have been published by reputable digital outlets and a newspaper in Nepal.

We dug deep into the misinformation spreaders to find out what party they were affiliated with. We found that the majority were affiliated with an opposition party that competed with the ruling alliance.

One of the fake news reports had a reporter’s byline. The claim was refuted by the reporter himself. In the fact-check, Nepal Check cited him. We also cited news outlets that claimed the screenshots were fake. In addition to relying on their statement, we checked the claims on news websites.

Finally, our investigation revealed that the Nepali Congress party’s Central Working Committee had not met in nearly three months when the meeting was claimed. We also used the occasion to explain how morphed screenshots are created. In doing so, we hoped to raise awareness about the technique so that people would think twice before spreading false information.

We fact-checked videos with false claims that Gagan Thapa, the general secretary of the Nepali Congress, promised freebies if elected prime minister. Thapa is a popular politician and is often the target of misinformation. The video claiming Thapa promised free smartphones, free petrol and a monthly stipend for the elderly had circulated on social media for several months.

To debunk the claim, we needed to find the original, full version of the video. So we started by looking up the video on YouTube. We discovered a video of the political function, but it lacked the section where Thapa was quoted. However, the video provided an important clue that a fact-checker can use to conduct additional research. It displayed the event’s date and location.

With this vital information, we were able to locate the event organizer’s Facebook page. A further Google search led us to the full version of the video, which had been published by a local television station. We found that Thapa’s statement had been taken out of context in order to spread misinformation.

Thapa had argued that while populist programs receive widespread support, they are difficult to fund. To disseminate misinformation, the video, which was more than an hour long, was edited down to a 22-second clip. We could verify this by following the claim back to its source, which is an important aspect of combating misinformation.

Human intelligence and engaging the audience

While the digital age creates opportunities for the spread of fake news, misinformation and disinformation, it also creates opportunities for fact checkers to follow digital trails in order to try to find the source and the veracity of the information being shared.

The fundamental journalistic skills of fact-checking are not new, they just need applying to the digital age. Our duty, as always, is to publish accurate, fair, objective, impartial and well-sourced information, backed by well-researched context and analysis. That has not changed. And digital tools are a massive help in the pursuit of robust and critical journalism. We just need to make sure we are using those tools as well as those who propagate falsehoods do.

All newsrooms must have a fact-checking team made up of dedicated journalists who are skilled in thorough research and diligent scrutiny in order to ensure that all information shared is a true representation of news events.

Below is a list of some of the tools Nepal Check uses, and how we use them.

Human intelligence

• Research who is behind the information being spread, try to find a trail of similar information to lead you to the source.
• Does the fake news item carry a byline? Does that person exist? If they do contact them. By doing so you might find a new lead in your search for the truth.
• Does what is being said stand up to historical scrutiny? Research and establish the sequence of events leading up to the claims.

Digital tools

• Is the evidence real or manipulated or used out of context?
• Are screenshots real or fake, can you find any evidence of the original material online or in print? If not, why not? Who could have created the screenshots and why?
• Is video being used? Has a clip been taken out of context? As a journalist you have a duty to search for the original, watch it in its entirety, and offer a more complete picture including the situation and circumstances in which it was shot in order to add context and relevance.
• When you find the original you will also discover the date and, possibly, the location of the original material. Do these match the details in the clip?
• Check all social media links back to the original source to find out what other material has been shared.

Engaging your audience

• Be totally transparent in your myth-busting research.
• Let those who read your journalism know the steps you took and the evidence you uncovered.
• By doing so you will help them understand more about fake news and empower them with the tools to do their own fact-checking.

The post Creating a strong fact-checking system first appeared on Media Helping Media.

Fake news is not new, it’s been around for thousands of years. Throughout history there have always been attempts to fool and confuse the public and distract attention from the truth. However, in recent years disinformation has become much more widespread, and it constitutes a direct challenge to honest, truthful reporting. So what should journalists do about it?

Fojo Media Institute has an excellent free resource called Fojo Check containing tools for journalists wanting to brush up their skills in fact-checking.

Annelie Frank, the project manager for Fojo’s fact-checking hub Faktajouren says many know about fake news’, but not many understand what it is.

“It’s not news, because news tells us what’s really happened even if mistakes occasionally are made. I don’t think a lot of people fall for fake news on fake news sites nowadays. The public has been educated on source criticism and on how the media works. The former US president has practically kidnapped the term with his attacks on traditional media. Fake news is not the big problem. But disinformation is a greater threat. These kinds of stories contain quite a lot of truth. A government decision can be described correctly, but relevant information will be left out and thereby the big picture is muddled.”

We spoke to a range of experts involved in training journalists, and we asked them how to spot fake news and deal with it. Responses listed alphabetically.

Associate Professor Dr. Dinh Thi Thuy Hang – Director, Center for Further Training of Professional Journalists (VJTC), Vietnam Journalists Association (VJA)

“In 2021 the VJTC conducted five training workshops for journalists in identifying and checking fake news, disinformation and misinformation.

“Fake news often appears on social networks. They have catchy and often shocking headlines to attract attention. As an internet user, I often read through the information, then look at the link (URL).

“Misinformation often comes from fake news websites which are created to appear almost identical to the original websites.

“When in doubt I cross check the date and the event to see if the information is published on other newspapers or news sites. If the news is discussed by other sources, such as mainstream newspapers, there’s a high chance that news is true. However, for journalists, they still need to verify the information with sources to gather evidence in order to confirm that the news is accurate.

“When I find misinformation being spread, I often post on my family’s and friend’s groups on social media to tell them that the information being shared is fake and that they shouldn’t believe it or circulate it. However some people still circulate misinformation even though they are suspicious of the information being shared via social media links.”

Sanjoy Hazarika is a former reporter for the New York Times, author and documentary filmmaker. He is co-convenor of the South Asia Media Defenders Network (SAMDEN) and currently Director of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI). He is the founder of the Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research (C-NES).

“I encourage journalists to access well-known resources and organizations which flag, challenge and disseminate information about fake news and their media handles. Every major country has a few dedicated persons focusing on these critical issues. In addition, the answer to fake news is to place the facts on any issue in the public domain.

“Another way — slower than getting a news break from a reliable source but reliable — is to use freedom of information/right to information laws which exist in many parts of the world.

“Journalists have won national and international awards by anchoring their reporting about key government issues of public concern on right to information (RTI) requests. RTI has become an important tool for media to investigate official wrongdoing. The facts can’t be disputed because they come from the original source: the relevant government department.”

Naomi Goldsmith – journalism trainer and media consultant

“I personally think there is no such thing as ‘fake news’. If the information is fake, then it’s not news.

“News, of course, should always be accurate, and where there is uncertainty or controversy – this should be made clear.

“There are people who knowingly or mistakenly create or pass on information which is not accurate, and this can more precisely be referred to as disinformation and misinformation.

“Disinformation – like dishonest – means it’s deliberately false. Misinformation – like mistake – means there wasn’t a deliberate intention to create or pass on false or misleading information. It was a mistake.”

(Naomi has written a longer piece for this site about dealing with disinformation and misinformation).

Jaldeep Katwala – writer and journalist

“Look at the source. Is it an organisation you trust? If the information comes to you via social media from a friend of a friend or someone you vaguely know, be particularly suspicious.

“Does it sound credible? Are the sources quoted recognised and traceable?

“Beware of opinions masquerading as facts. Always ask what is this person’s perspective and ask if they are trying to support an outrageous statement with partial or unlikely facts.

“Journalists are gatekeepers of information. We check the validity of what we are told and then share it with the audience once we are sure it is accurate, honest and truthful.

“Sometimes journalists fail in this regard, so information published by other news outlets also needs to be tested.

“If you’re not sure that information is correct don’t pass it on. Be subjective but don’t be obsessive.

“In your work as a news gatherer be sure to cast your eyes and ears widely in an attempt to include multiple perspectives. Don’t limit yourself to a personal echo chamber cut off from the real world and other points of view.

“Keep an open mind, listen to diverse opinions, and always check and double check all the information you come across before passing it on to those who turn to you for reliable information.”

Richard Sambrook – Emeritus Professor of Journalism at Cardiff University

“Fake news is a phrase used to cover many different sorts of problems – and sometimes used to undermine legitimate journalism. Basically there is misinformation – information which is unintentionally wrong and simply needs correcting – and disinformation, which is deliberately wrong and intended to mislead.

“The problem of disinformation isn’t going to go away. The tools of disinformation are getting more sophisticated. For example, artificial intelligence can now manipulate audio and video to make it appear people have said things they have not said.

“So how can you spot Fake News? Ask some basic questions:

• Who is saying this? Is the source clear and are they who they say they are (e.g. is the website url genuine?)
• Where are other voices, views and sources on this topic? If there are none – be suspicious.
• Why are they saying this? Is it to inform? persuade? entertain? educate? Or might it be to mislead?
• When was this said? Is it contemporary or is it a picture or quote taken out of context from the past to mislead about a current issue?

“When misinformation or disinformation is found, it needs to be corrected. But that alone may not be enough. In the end, serious journalists need to commit to high standards of accuracy, fairness, providing evidence, reporting a range of views and being open about their purpose and accountable if mistakes get made. Openness and transparency are the best means of winning trust.

“Understanding fake news and verification techniques are built into core journalism modules at Cardiff University.”

The post How to identify and deal with fake news first appeared on Media Helping Media.

The growth of social media platforms has enabled people to express views and share content online, quickly and often. The ease of access to smartphones, data, and a wide variety of platforms has led to a deluge of online information. And not all of it is true.

Sometimes people share content without having adequate knowledge. This has been particularly evident during the Covid-19 pandemic.

When people are scared and have little knowledge about a topic they are more susceptible to spreading misinformation. That’s why misinformation spreads like a wildfire during major breaking news events.

People tend to share photos, memes or content that they find on social media without checking the veracity. In most cases, they do so with good intentions, perhaps to alert their family and friends.

But misinformation can be harmful because those reading the information tend to believe it and sometimes act on the basis of such information. And they, in turn, are likely to share it further.

In order for people to make informed decisions, they need to be provided with accurate and reliable facts. Fact-checking can play a critical role in this problematic news ecosystem.

Exposing the invisible – The Kit

Exposing the Invisible – The Kit has been developed by Tactical Tech in order to help people “develop the ability to question information that is false, find information when it is scarce and filter information when it becomes overwhelming.”

I was responsible for writing the part of The Kit that deals with fact-checking, including the following sections:

• The mindset needed for fact-checking
• How to get started with fact-checking
• How to stay safe when fact-checking
• How to fact-check the fact-checkers
• How to include fact-checking when carrying out investigative journalism
• The challenges of fact-checking

The Kit also includes experience of fact-checkers from Nepal and India.

For more information on fact-checking you can take a look at this list of articles and guides.

And if you need help understanding some of the terms used in any of these pieces you can refer to this glossary of definitions.

The post The basics of fact-checking first appeared on Media Helping Media.

I personally think there is no such thing as “fake news.” If the information is fake, then it’s not news.

News, of course, should always be accurate, and where there is uncertainty or controversy – this should be made clear.

There are people who knowingly or mistakenly create or pass on information which is not accurate, and this can more precisely be referred to as “disinformation” and “misinformation.”

• Disinformation – like dishonest – means it’s deliberately false.
• Misinformation – like mistake – means there wasn’t a deliberate intention to create or pass on false or misleading information. It was a mistake.

Motivation

It is worth considering why someone would want to create disinformation. This will help you identify it. You need to understand their motivation. It could be:

• Financial or commercial gain
• Ambition or power
• A belief, faith or allegiance which overrides reason and facts
• A desire to cause trouble or disruption

Ask yourself what the creator of the content stands to gain by sharing the information.

Will they financially benefit? Are they trying to discredit a competitor or political rival? Are they a fervent believer of a certain way of thinking and trying to persuade others to share their views? Are they trying to frighten people or cause confusion with their content?

People who are trying to entertain or amuse others – usually make clear that their content is a parody or satire – but not always.

Use your common sense.

If the content is making a claim of commercial gain or large profits – investigate further.

If the content contains accusations of wrongdoing against a named individual or organisation – where is the evidence and the right to reply?

Headlines and introductions which promise to reveal something previously unknown or which play on your emotions – need to be treated cautiously.

Of course, a talented journalist knows how to write a headline which arouses an audience’s curiosity but they also deliver on what they promise in the body of the story.

Misinformation may have occurred because the information or pictures were believed and/or weren’t checked thoroughly before being published.

To identify misinformation it is important to check back, step by step to the original source of the information – this technique of investigating is called the Trust Chain.

Dealing with misinformation or disinformation?

If the content has been published on a mainstream media outlet – then you can inform the editorial team.

If it has been published on a social media platform it can also be reported to their moderators.

In some countries, social media companies are regulated by a government-approved regulatory body – you could also complain to them.

However, be careful about getting into an argument with individual commentators who are peddling false information as this can drive traffic to their accounts and websites and increase their exposure and even add to the revenue they receive.

There are many media literacy websites which offer advice on how to deal with misinformation and disinformation.

The International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) sets a code of ethics for fact-checking organisations. The IFCN reviews fact-checkers for compliance with its code and issues a certification to publishers who pass the audit.

The certification lasts for one year, and fact-checkers must be re-examined annually to retain their certifications. It is part of the Poynter organisation.

Check that the fact-checker you use is verified by the International Fact-Checking Network.

The post Dealing with disinformation and misinformation first appeared on Media Helping Media.

The following article is reproduced courtesy of First Draft News.

Surge of interest in trust and truth

Over the past eighteen months, there has been a surge of interest in trust and truth in a digital age.

There have been hundreds of conferences, reports and papers on the subject.

As our understanding of the space becomes more sophisticated, it’s time to recognize thirteen smaller sub-categories, so we can undertake more targeted research, and convene workshops and conferences on more clearly defined and specific topics.

Here, I suggest thirteen sub-categories where I’m seeing specific initiatives, research or natural alliances.

It’s important to note that all these sub-categories should also be seen through an international lens. It is the one overarching theme that connects all of the following.

The thirteen spaces are:

1. AI & Manipulation: Researching the ways that AI-generated synthetic media (otherwise known as ‘deepfakes’) will impact society, and developing tools and techniques tactics for identifying and verifying these types of sophisticated manipulated visual imagery.
2. Closed Online Spaces & Messaging Apps: Researching the patterns of disinformation on private and semi-private spaces online, as well as messaging apps.
3. Data Harvesting, Ad Tech & Micro-targeting: Researching the connections between data collection and targeted disinformation campaigns.
4. Fact-Checking & Verification: Investigating claims made by official sources (politicians, think tanks, journalists), and investigating information, images and videos from unofficial sources on the social web.
5. Identification of Disinformation Content & Tactics: Monitoring, verifying and providing contextual information around specific types of disinformation and the campaigns used to amplify them.
6. Manufactured Amplification: Understanding techniques for artificially inflating disinformation campaigns, as well as attempts to distort ‘public opinion’, as when manipulating trending topics or purchasing signatures on online petitions.
7. Media Ecosystems: Understanding how information disorder spreads across platforms and between traditional media (TV, radio and interpersonal communication).
8. Media Literacy: Researching and evaluating best practices for teaching digital literacy in an age of information disorder.
9. News Credibility: Developing machine-readable indicators that ensure quality information sources are given priority in social streams and search results.
10. Polarization: Understanding the impact of polarization on the ways in which information is used, understood and shared.
11. Policy & Regulation: Investigating the question of ‘regulation’, and ensuring it is based on clear definitions and evidence.
12. Reporting best practices: Researching and experimenting with best practices for publishing fact-checks or debunks, particularly investigating the concepts of the ‘tipping point’ and ‘strategic silence’ to prevent providing additional oxygen to rumours, false content and amplification tactics.
13. Trust in Media: Research and initiatives designed to improve trust in the professional media.

Note: This material first appeared on First Draft and has been reproduced here with the author’s consent. 

The post Information disorder – mapping the landscape first appeared on Media Helping Media.

The following article is reproduced courtesy of First Draft News.

Categories, types, elements and phases

The high-resolution graphics below were created to help explain the different categories, types, elements, and phases of information disorder. They are available for use in publications and presentations under a Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 3.0 license. Click the link under each image to download it.

Categories of information disorder

Figure 1: The seven categories of information disorder. Credit: Claire Wardle, 2017. Click here to download high-resolution version.

1. Satire or parody: No intention to cause harm but has potential to fool.
2. Misleading content: Misleading use of information to frame an issue or individual.
3. Imposter content: when genuine sources are impersonated.
4. Fabricated content: New content is 100% false, designed to deceive and do harm.
5. False connection: When headlines, visuals, or captions don’t support the content.
6. False context: When genuine content is shared with false contextual information.
7. Manipulated content: When genuine information or imagery is manipulated to deceive.

Types of information disorder

Figure 2: Three types of information disorder. Credit: Claire Wardle & Hossein Derakshan, 2017. Click here to download high-resolution version.

1. Misinformation: Unintentional mistakes such as inaccurate photo captions, dates, statistics, translations, or when satire is taken seriously.
2. Disinformation: Fabricated or deliberately manipulated audio.visual content. Intentionally created conspiracy theories or rumours.
3. Malinformation: Deliberate publication of private information for personal or corporate rather than public interest. Deliberate change of context, date or time of genuine content.

Elements of information disorder

Figure 3: Three elements of information disorder. Credit: Claire Wardle & Hossein Derakshan, 2017. Click here to download high-resolution version.

1. Agent
2. Message
3. Interpeter

Phases of information disorder

Figure 4: Three phases of information disorder. Credit: Claire Wardle & Hossein Derakshan, 2017. Click here to download high-resolution version.

1. Creation: When the message is created.
2. (Re) Production: When the message is turned into a media product.
3. Distribution: When the product is distributed or made public.

Note: This material first appeared on First Draft and has been reproduced here with the author’s consent. 

The post Information disorder – how to recognise the forms first appeared on Media Helping Media.